Reflection Paper on the Lesson Learned from the Science Modules
The capacity to identify credible sources of scientific information enables one to draw accurate conclusions on critical issues. Multiple popular publications such as websites, magazines, and newspapers, occasionally misrepresent scientific information.Moreover, they report the scientific information in a simplified manner and mostly draw general conclusions, which may deviate from the scientific one.Typically, they target non-scientists who may not be conversant with some terminologies.Notably, the course provides a simplified approach for evaluating the reliability of sourcesusing the‘science tool kit.’ It outlines thecritical questions that one can use to determineif a source is credible. There are key characteristics that one can examinein the assessment. Firstly, one needs to establish if the source is biased by checking the institutional affiliation of the publisher. For example, the New York Times or Cosmopolitan articles are likely to be simplified and summarised. Additionally,if a website reports studies on an antiaging cream that they are marketing, the information is likely to be biased. Moreover, the evidence provided should also be verifiedfrom the scientific source, ascertain the possibility of misrepresentation or exaggeration.
The ‘IPCC synthesis report’that we used in module 2 is an example of a website source. Firstly, thepublisher of the article is an international organization; hence, the source is reputable, and it is not biased. The article reports on abrupt changes in climate patterns from the mid-20th century and attributes it to the increased emission of CO2 in the atmosphere. Furthermore, the authors provide graphical illustrationsof the change in CO2 concentration, which correlates with the change in temperature and sea levels. Therefore, the evidence presented is scientifically sound and adequate to draw the conclusions made. Additionally, the conclusions are solely based on the evidence presented, and there are no exaggerations or misrepresentations; hence, the source is reliable.
The other example of a reliable source used in this course isCollins (2010), which is anarticle on human genomics. The source of the article is credible because it is a reputable peer-review journal (Nature). Notably, the arguments on the human genomic studies are based on findings of previous scientific works. Additionally, the author is not biased, and the information presented is accurate. Lastly, the author seeks to address all the stakeholders by informing them of the five key lessonsthat can be drawn from the previous human genome studies. Thereforeare no exaggerations in the source, as the author outlines the advancementsmade in genetic studies and the potential usefulness of the information in health.
The module on genetic modification addressed the multiple reservations I had regarding the consumption of GM foods. I learnt that conventional breeding methods, such as selective breeding, entail modifying genes.Moreover, the breeders select the organisms (plants or animals) with good traitsand cross them to produce hybrids with desirable characteristics. Notably, the difference between this technique and genetic modification is the direct insertion of the gene in the organism of interest. The genetic engineering technique has been employed in the production ofFlavrSavr tomatoesthat have a longer shelf life (Bruening& Lyons, 2000). Additionally, it is widely utilized by reputable companies such as ‘Monsanto Corporation.’ Therefore, the technique can potentially minimize the current food shortage mainly experienced in numerous third world countries.
The completion of the human genome project provided a good avenue of examining the potential use of genetic modification in the treatment of hereditary genetic diseases. A mutation in the DNA strands causes illnesses such as cancer, and the treatment options that target themutation can potentially improve the quality of life of individuals suffering from the disease. Interestingly, genetic engineering is extensively utilized in the medical field for the production of medicinal drugs using GM bacteria. Additionally, from the course reading, I discovered thatthe gene-editing tool CRISPR is promising in the treatment of leukemia. I believe the technique is promising in solving the problems associated with chronic illnesses such as cancer.
Theother exciting lesson was on the composition of microbiota inthe human body. Initially, I viewed bacteria as disease-causing agents that have adverse effects on the body. Surprisingly,there are more than 1000 different species of bacteria in the human body.Furthermore, the weight of the gut microbiota is similar to that of the head(Bevins&Salzman, 2011). Importantly, the human body cannot function effectively without the microbiota since they facilitate digestion. Interestingly, themicrobiota varies in composition from one individual to the other, and they are distinct for each individual. Notably, even identical twins who share the same genetic information have different microbiota composition.
The intestines contain both beneficial and pathogenic microbes.Food, antibiotics, and the immune system modulate the microbiota composition in the gut.Notably, the former include Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria, which facilitate digestion and eliminate the harmful bacteria(Bevins&Salzman, 2011). Particular foods called prebiotics to enhance the multiplication of beneficial bacteria, and examples include avocado, garlic, and wheat. The body partially digests them, and the beneficial microbiota ingests the remaining portion. The immune system also promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria and suppresses the pathogenic ones. Studies associate the alteration in microbiota composition with the development of various illnesses, which include diabetes, cancer, obesity, and depression. Currently, researchers are exploring the possibility of utilizing microbiota composition as a treatment therapy of various chronic illnesses (Seksik&Landman, 2015). The treatment of chronic diseases using microbiota would be an exciting venture; however, most studies are conducted using mouse models, and the effects are still unknown in humans.
References
Collins, F. (2010).Has the revolution arrived? Nature, 464(1). 674.
Bevins, C. L., &Salzman, N. H. (2011).The potter’s wheel: the host’s role in sculpting its microbiota. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 68(22), 3675.
Bruening, G., & Lyons, J. (2000).The case of the FLAVR SAVR tomato. California Agriculture, 54(4), 6-7.
National Research Council. (2012). Climate Change: Evidence, Impacts, and Choices: Set of 2 Booklets, with DVD. National Academies Press.
Seksik, P., &Landman, C. (2015).Understanding microbiome data: a primer for clinicians. Digestive Diseases, 33(Suppl. 1), 11-16.
Team, C. W., Pachauri, R. K., & Meyer, L. A. (2014). IPCC Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers. Contribution of Working Groups I. II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
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