Filmmaking is a commercial art that has experienced countless revolutions since its inception. Today people can enjoy watching movies with enhanced quality, sound, and color and comment that it is a great movie, but few people will bother to know what took place behind the scenes. Film producers undergo challenging but fundamental processes such as lighting plans, storyboard designs, art direction plans, and even sound design plans, which are crucial in developing a superb piece of art.
Logically, cameras cannot respond to lights in the same way the human eye does. Therefore, the correct lighting plan is very crucial in filmmaking. With proper film making techniques, the artwork will be cinematic, whereby the visual mood and the atmosphere of the story are enhanced.
There are many reasons why lighting is important. First is that lighting directs the audience on where to look on a given scene. Secondly, lighting can be adjusted in terms of amount, size, color, harshness, and softness of light match the emotions of the characters. Thirdly is that the mood of the story can be conveyed through proper lighting (Proferes, (2017). According to Doyle (2019), there are five fundamental characteristics of light. This includes quality, direction, source, color, and contrast. These elements are very crucial in determining the ultimate success of a film.
Quality of light, on the other hand, is associated with the strength or the intensity of the light. Quality of light depends on the time of the year or day and location. Hard light or high contrast is experienced around midday, often poses many challenges in shooting as compared to soft light, which offers rich and beautiful scenes. The direction also is important in lighting. The position or angle is a crucial component in filmmaking because it determines where primary shadows will fall. For instance, the light coming from the side of the subject will portray both textures and shape, while light from the face will create a flat looking image (Doyle, (2019).
Light, as well as, a color varies depending on the source of light and also the time of the day.Contrast is another characteristic of light. Contrast, according to Nelmes (2012), is the ratio between white and black. In high-contrast lighting, there is a full range of tones displayed from bright highlights to dark shadows, unlike in low-contrast images, which have a small range of tones. High contrast is instrumental in creating a suspenseful, tense, or mysterious scenes while low-contrast create fun and calm scenes.
The traditional but most effective lighting plan is the three-point lighting setup. The plan highlights the main character to stand out among the crew. The process is simple and involves three major steps. First, key light, which is the main and strongest source of light, is placed off to one side of the character, which would then create a slight shadow on the opposite side. A second light, the fill light, is then placed on the opposite side of the actor to act as a diffuser or soften the harshness of the key light. Finally, a third light, the backlight is placed behind the actor. This light is important in highlighting the features of the character and distinguishing them from their background (Doyle, (2019).
In the four-point lighting setup, an additional source of light is added. This is the background light. It is mainly used to highlight the background behind the character. This light is special because it greatly increases the separation between the background and the character by preventing an overtly two-dimensional image. The background lighting should be of the same contrast with the key light.
Since lighting a scene demands trial and error to find the right balance of light, one can also experiment with another lighting such as soft light, hard light, low-key, and high-key light. For instance, low-key is instrumental in creating a sense of isolation, fear, and vulnerability in actors and creating tension within the scene. Proferes (2017) also claims that lighting color and style should be consistent because shots of a given scene might appear to be from different locations. More so, slight changes in saturation, angle, and focus might also affect the right balance.
When creating a lighting plan, just like in sound and storyboard planning, there are other fundamental factors to consider. The location where the film will take place is one important factor to consider. In some areas where natural light could not be controlled, problems could be experienced. One, therefore, has to consider the position of the sun or time while setting up a lighting plan. Another thing is that the plan should be able to accommodate the number of crew in the scene and their respective positions. Once these factors have been put into consideration, one will be able to create a diagram for the lighting planning or setup.
Having in-depth insights on the five lighting qualities, one can develop different moods. Consequently, determining the appropriate mood to display will fully depend on the story being developed in the scene. Bringing it all together will ultimately enhance the production process.
References
Doyle, B. F. (2019). Understanding Design in Film Production: Using Art, Light & Locations to Tell Your Story. Routledge.
Nelmes, J. (Ed.). (2012). Introduction to film studies. Routledge.
Proferes, N. T. (2017). Film Directing Fundamentals: see your film before shooting. Taylor & Francis.
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